关于二十一世纪生存的温哥华宣言
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编者按：联合国教科文组织 对人类生存面临的一些主要问题。特别是环境问题进行了讨论，并发表了一项由与会科学家签名的《关于21世纪生存的温哥华宣言》。旨在让读者了解和重视人类生存面临的问题。 地球的生存已成为人们所关心的一个重要而紧迫的问题。 目前的形势要求在各个领域——科学、文化、经济和政治领域采取紧急措施，并引起全人类的关注。我们应和地球上的全体人民同心协力对付我们共同的敌人，即一切威胁我们环境平衡或损害我们留给后代之遗产的行为，这就是今天有关生存的温哥华宣言之主旨。 一、人类面临生存问题 我们的星球动荡不定，就象一个不断改变着转速的热力发动机。40亿年前，地球上出现了生命。它是一种以无法预料的突变为准则的环境相协调而成长起来。200多年前，对储存在矿物燃料中的一种能源的发现，使得人类具有了统治整个星球表面的能力，在短得令人难以置信的时间里，人类已不知不觉地成为造成这个星球上变化的最重要的因素。由此而产生的后果是根本性的，是人类历史上前所未有的： 近150年来人口增长的加速使得世界人口从10亿增至50亿，目前又将在30至40年后再翻一番。 矿物燃料的使用也以同样的比例在增加，从而造成世界性污染以及气候和海洋水位的改变。 日益加速的对生物生存地的破坏，引起了作为地球生态系统基础的生物圈中大量而无可挽回的大规模物种灭绝现象。 人们将大量资源和人类智慧用于战争和准备战争。 这一切依据的是相信地球资源永不枯竭的信念，而维持这一信念的政治的经济制度又是只注重短期利益，而不考虑生产的真正代价。 人类面临的形势是，在人类和地球其它生物之间的平衡已面临崩溃。矛盾的是，当我们面临生态系统衰竭和人类生活质量恶化的时刻，知识和科学现在已经能够为采取措施扭转目前形势，恢复自然与人类之间的和谐提供必要的人类创造力和技术，唯一缺少的是社会与政治意愿。 二、问题的根源 造成我们今天这些困难的根源原因在于某些科学上的进步。这些进步基本上于本世纪初业已获得。它们以一种传统机械论的方式归纳展示宇宙，并赋予人类一种驾驭大自然的能力，
直至不久前大自然已提供了不断增长、似乎永无竭尽的物质财富，人类醉心于对这种能力的利用，因而出现了改变自己的价值，以便最大限度地利用这种新能力所提供之物质潜力的倾向。 同时，作为先前各种文化基础的、与人类各方面潜力相关联的价值观尽遭遗弃。由于忽略人类其它方面而造成的这种对人的概念上的贫乏恰恰符合这样一种所谓“科学的”宇宙观，即把性格当作一架机器，而人只不过是其中的一个机件。 人的价值主要由其对自身的认识来决定，而这种认识则是在评价个人利益过程中确定“自我”的观念。因此那种把人看作机器零件的平庸思想导致产生狭隘的价值观。不过，本世纪的科学进步业已证明，从严格的科学角度来看，这种机械论的宇宙观是站不住脚的，因此，对人的机械认识依托的理性基础也是站不住脚的。 三、更新思想 在当代科学中，机械的僵化的旧的宇宙模式已被一些新概念所取代。这些概念展示了一个不受任何机械规律硬性限制的、具有持续创造力的宇宙形象。人本身成为这种创造性动力的一个方面。以老的机械论模式所无法反映的方式与宇宙整体有着全面的联系。“自我”不再是听凭庞大机器摆布的机件，而成为创造性动力的一个方面，与整个宇宙有着直接、内在联系。
根据这种新的科学概念，人的价值范畴由此而扩大，与过去各种文化中占优势的价值观念相吻合。科学和文化的最新进步展示了人的各种共同形象。我们要根据这些形象去探索能使人在尊严和与环境的和谐中生存下去的一种未来的模式。 人类在利用外部世界上已达到极限，在不断变革的社会文化环境中生存的能力亦达到极限，一些科学观念的扩展不禁使人们想到，人或许能够找回他曾失去的一些信仰和精神上的实践方式，目前人类在这个星球上所处和危急局势要求有一些新的以不同文化为根基、面向未来的观念： 对一个恢复了生命节奏的大宇宙的认识，将有助于人回归自然界。并理解自己与一切生命及物质世界之间的时空关系； 承认人是造就宇宙的创造性过程的一个方面，会扩展人对自身的看法，并有利于其超越利己主义，而利己主义是千万人与其同类之间及人类与自然界之间缺乏和谐的首要原因； 克服因过分注重其中某个方面而造成的身体－精神－灵魂这一统一体的分裂，人就会发现宇宙及其至高无上的统一性原则在自己身上的反映。 这些思想改变了关于人在自然之地位的观念，并要求从根本上改革发展的模式；消除贫穷、愚昧和苦难；停止军备竞赛；采取新的学习方法、新的教育制度以及新的思想方法；采取更合理的分配方式以保证社会公正；树立以减少浪费为基础的生活方式的新观念；
对超越陈旧主权观念之生物、社会、经济或文化多样性的尊重。 为实现这些目标，科学和技术是不可缺少的，它们要成功，还必须将科学与文化合成一体。阐明生存的意义，并需要采取一种综合的方法，克服那些已使文化交流瓦解的分裂。 如果我们不能引导科学和技术朝着满足基本需要的方向发展，则信息学（知识的积累）、生物技术（生命形态的专利申请）及遗传工程（人类基因绘图术）诸方面的进步将会对未来人类的生活产生无可挽回的不良影响。 时间已经不多：在建立世界生态——文化和和平方面的任何延误都只会增加生存的代价。 我们应当承认是多宗教的这个事实，也应当承认我们需要一种宽容精神以使一切宗教，不论它们之间有多少不同，都能相互合作。这会有助于满足人类生存以及维护人类团结、人权及人之尊严这些共同基本价值的要求。这正是人类的共同遗产，它产生于我们对人之存在的先验性意义的认识，也来源于一种新的星球意识。（与会科学家签名略）。 1989 UNITED NATIONS EDUCATION, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL
ORGANIZATION CANADIAN COMMISSION FOR UNESCO Symposium on Science and Culture for the 21st Century: Agenda for Survival 10-15 September 1989 Survival of the planet has become of
central and immediate concern. The present situation requires urgent measures
in all sectors - scientific, cultural, economic, and political - and a
greater sensitization of all mankind. We must make common cause with all
people on earth against a common enemy: any action that threatens balance
within our environment, or reduces our legacy to future generations. Today,
this becomes the objective of the Vancouver Declaration on Survival. MANKIND CONFRONTING SURVIVAL Our planet is unstable - a constantly
changing heat engine. Life appeared on its surface about four billion years
ago, and developed in balance with an environment where sudden unpredictable
change is the norm. The discovery, over 200 years ago, of free energy locked
in fossil fuels has given humankind the power to dominate the whole planetary
surface. In an unbelievably short span of time, unplanned and almost
mindlessly, our species has become by far the largest factor for change on
the planet. The consequences have been drastic
and unique in the history of our species: - an accelerating increase in
population growth over the past 150 years from 1 billion to over 5 billion
with a current doubling time of 30-40 years; - a comparable increase in the use of
fossil fuels leading to global pollution, climate and sea-level change; - an accelerating destruction of the
habitat of life, initiating a massive and irreversible episode of mass
extinction in the biosphere - the basis of the Earth's ecosystem; - an unimaginable expenditure of
resources and human ingenuity on war and preparation for war. And all licensed by a belief in
inexhaustible resources of the planet encouraged by political and economic
systems that emphasize short-term profit as a benefit and disregard the real
cost of production. The situation facing mankind involves
the collapse of any balance between our species and the rest of life on the
planet. Paradoxically, at the time when we
stand at the threshold of degeneration of the ecosystem and degradation of
human quality of life, knowledge and science are now in a position to provide
both the human creativity and the
technology needed to take remedial action and rediscover harmony between
nature and mankind. Only the social and political will is lacking. THE ORIGINS OF THE PROBLEM The origin of our present predicament
lies fundamentally in certain developments in science that were essentially
complete by the beginning of the century. Those developments, which are
mathematically codified in a classical mechanical picture of the universe,
gave to human beings a power over nature that has, until recently, produced
an ever-increasing, and seemingly boundless, supply of material commodities,
Swept up in the exploitation of this power, humankind has tended to shift its
values to those promoting the maximal realization of the material
possibilities that this new power provides. Suppressed, correspondingly, were
the values associated with dimensions of the human potential that had been the
foundations of earlier cultures. The impoverishment of the conception
of man caused by this omission of other human dimensions is precisely in line
with the "scientific" conception of the universe as a machine, and
of man as nothing but a cog within it. Man's conception of himself is a
principal determinant of his values; it fixes the conception of
"self" in the appraisal of self interest. Thus, the ideological
impoverishment associated with the view of man as a cog in a machine leads to
a narrowing of values. However, scientific advances of the present century
have shown this mechanical view of the universe to be untenable on purely
scientific grounds. Thus the rational basis for the mechanical conception of
man has been invalidated. ALTERNATIVE VISIONS In contemporary science, the older
rigid mechanical picture of the universe is replaced by concepts that permit
a universe that is formed by a continual creative input that is not rigidly
constrained by any mechanical law. Man himself becomes an aspect of this
creative impulse, and is linked into the whole universe in an integral way
that is not expressible within the older mechanical framework. The
"self" becomes thereby converted from a deterministically
controlled cog in a giant machine to an aspect of a free creative impulse
that is intrinsically and immediately tied to the universe as a whole. Human values become, accordingly, in
this new scientific view, enlarged into values consonant with those prevalent
in earlier cultures. It is within this framework that the converging images
of man provided by recent scientific and cultural developments that we look
for visions of a future that would allow man to survive in dignity and
harmony with his environment. The human species has reached limits in its use
of the external world and also limits in its capacity to live in a changing
social and cultural environment. Man's developing perceptions in science
suggest that he might recapture lost beliefs and varieties of spiritual
experience. The present critical situation in
mankind's occupancy of the planet requires new visions, rooted in a variety
of cultures, in contemplating the future: - The perception of an organic
macrocosm that recaptures the rhythms of life would allow man to reintegrate
himself with nature and understand his relationship in space and time to all
life and the physical world. - Recognition that a human being is
an aspect of the creative process that gives form to the universe, enlarges
man's image of himself, and allows him to transcend the egoism that is the
principal cause of disharmony among his fellows and between mankind and
nature. - The overcoming of fragmentation of
the body-mind-spirit unity, brought about by unbalanced emphasis on any one
over the others, allows man to discover within himself the reflection of
cosmos and its supreme unifying principle. Such visions change the conception of
man in nature and call for a radical transformation of models of development:
the elimination of poverty, ignorance and misery; the end of the arms race;
introduction of new learning processes, educational systems and mental
attitudes; implementation of better forms of redistribution to ensure social
equity; a new design for living based on a reduction of waste; respect for
bio-diversity, socio-economic diversity, and cultural diversity that
transcends outmoded concepts of sovereignty. Science and technology are
indispensable for the attainment of those goals but they can succeed only
through an integration of science and culture that leads to a sense of
purpose, and an integrative approach designed to overcome the fragmentation
that has led to a breakdown in cultural communication. We must recognize the reality of a
multi-religious world and the need for the kind of tolerance that will enable
religions, whatever their differences, to cooperate together. This would
contribute to meeting the requirements for human survival and for the
nurturing of the shared core values of human solidarity, human rights and
human dignity. This is the common heritage of mankind that derives from our
perception of the transcendental significance of human existence, and from a
new global conscience. If we fail to redirect science and
technology towards fundamental needs, the advances in informatics (hoarding
of knowledge), biotechnology (patenting of life forms) and genetic
engineering (mapping of the human genome) will lead to irreversible
consequences detrimental to the future of human life. Time is short - every delay in
establishing a world eco-cultural peace will only increase the cost of
survival. LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Professor Daniel Afdezi AKYEAMPONG,
Theoretical Physicist, Mr Andre CHOURAQUI, Author, Religious
Studies, Professor Nicola DALLAPORTA,
Theoretical Physics, Dr. Santiago GENOVES, Anthropologist,
Universidad Nacional Autonome de Mexico Dr. Alexander KING, Chemistry, Dr. Digby McLAREN (chairman),
Geologist, Royal Society of Canada, Mr. Lisandro OTERO, Author, Professor DOEDJATMOKO, Diplomat,
Educator, Professor Ubiritan D'AMBROSIO,
Mathematician, Universidade Professor Pierre DANSEREAU,
Ecologist, Universite du Quebec, Dr. Mahdi ELMANDJRA, Economist, Professor Carl-gwran HEDEN,
Biotechnology, Mrs. Eleanora MASINI,
Anthroplologist, Professor Yujiro NAKAMURA,
Philosoper, Author, Professor Josef RIMAN, Molecular
Genetics, Professor Henry STAPP, Physicist, |
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